Visuddhimagga XIV-165

482. Uddhatabhāvo uddhaccaṃ. Taṃ avūpasamalakkhaṇaṃ vātābhighātacalajalaṃ viya, anavaṭṭhānarasaṃ vātābhighātacaladhajapaṭākā viya, bhantattapaccupaṭṭhānaṃ pāsāṇābhighātasamuddhatabhasmaṃ viya, cetaso avūpasame ayonisomanasikārapadaṭṭhānaṃ, cittavikkhepoti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

（16）「掉举」──是心的浮动状态。有不寂静的特相，犹如给风吹动的水波；有不稳定的作用，如风扬旗帜；以散动的状态为现状，如投以石而散布的灰尘；由于心不寂静而起不如理的作意为近因。当知掉举即是心的散乱。

Ñ(XIV,165): (xlii) Agitation is agitatedness. It has the characteristic of disquiet, like water whipped by the wind. Its function is unsteadiness, like a flag or banner whipped by the wind. It is manifested as turmoil, like ashes flung up by pelting with stones. Its proximate cause is unwise attention to mental disquiet. It should be regarded as distraction of consciousness.