Sā panesā tattha tattha bhave paṭhamābhinibbattilakkhaṇā, niyyātanarasā, atītabhavato idha ummujjanapaccupaṭṭhānā, dukkhavicittatāpaccupaṭṭhānā vā.
而此生有于各种生命最初出生的特相；有回返（诸蕴）的作用；从过去生而生起此生为现状，或以种种苦为现状。
Ñ(XVI,34): Its characteristic is the first genesis in any [sphere of] becoming. Its function is to consign [to a sphere of becoming]. It is manifested as an emerging here from a past becoming; or it is manifested as the variedness of suffering.
539. Kasmā panesā dukkhāti ce?
生为什么是苦？
Ñ: But why is it suffering?
Anekesaṃ dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvato.
因为是许多苦的基础的缘故。
Ñ: Because it is the basis for many kind of suffering.
Anekāni hi dukkhāni.
苦有许多：
Ñ: For there are many kinds of suffering,
Seyyathidaṃ – dukkhadukkhaṃ, vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ, saṅkhāradukkhaṃ, paṭicchannadukkhaṃ, appaṭicchannadukkhaṃ, pariyāyadukkhaṃ, nippariyāyadukkhanti.
所谓苦苦、坏苦、行苦、隐苦、显苦、间接苦、直接苦。
Ñ: that is to say, intrinsic suffering (dukkha-dukkha), suffering in change (vipariṇāma-dukkha), and suffering due to formations (saṅkhāra-dukkha); and then concealed suffering, exposed suffering, indirect suffering, and direct suffering.
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